What do my bone density T-score and Z-score mean?

Both compare your bone density: the T-score with healthy young adults, the Z-score with people of your age and sex.

The T-score is used for women after menopause and men from 50. A T-score of −1 or higher is normal, between −1 and −2.5 means low bone density (osteopenia), and −2.5 or lower (for example −3) means osteoporosis.

The Z-score is used for women before menopause and men under 50. A Z-score of −2 or lower is below what's expected for your age, and a doctor should look for the cause.

A normal score doesn't rule out a fracture. Swiss doctors review your scores, and your report explains next steps.