Severe loss of bone density (osteoporosis)

Intramuscular fat percentage in the right erector spinae, a group of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. Increased IMF is associated with muscle quality deterioration and potential functional decline.

Phosphate is crucial for bone mineralization, energy metabolism (ATP), cell membrane structure, and acid-base balance. Its levels are regulated in relation to calcium, primarily by the kidneys and parathyroid hormone.

Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Most calcium is stored in bones, with only a small portion circulating in blood under tight regulation.

Accounts for calcium bound to albumin, providing a more accurate measure of biologically active calcium. Essential for bone health, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction.

Intramuscular fat percentage in the left erector spinae, a group of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. Increased IMF is associated with muscle quality deterioration and potential functional decline.

The primary male sex hormone responsible for sexual development, sperm production, muscle mass maintenance, bone density, and overall energy levels. Low levels can cause fatigue, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass, and mood changes. Age-related decline is normal, but significant deficiency may warrant supplementation.

The unbound, biologically active fraction of total testosterone that can interact with cellular receptors. This measurement provides insight into androgenic activity affecting metabolism, body composition, and various physiological functions. In this panel it is a calculated value: rather than being measured directly, it is derived from total testosterone, SHBG and albumin using the Vermeulen equation (the laboratory reference method is equilibrium dialysis). Because the calculation corrects for SHBG, free testosterone is the guideline-preferred measure of androgen status when SHBG is abnormal or total testosterone sits near the lower limit of normal, and it is more sensitive than total testosterone for detecting male hypogonadism and female androgen excess such as PCOS.

The primary active estrogen in the body. Estradiol is produced in the gonads (ovaries and testes) and in adipose tissue. It plays a central role in bone metabolism, cardiovascular protection, brain function, mood regulation, and reproductive health. Levels vary with the menstrual cycle and decline significantly during menopause. Low levels are associated with reduced bone density, mood disturbances, and impaired fertility. Elevated levels may indicate hormonal imbalance or increased aromatase activity.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts like a hormone in the body. It's essential for calcium absorption, bone health, immune function, and muscle performance. The body can produce it through sunlight exposure, but it can also be obtained from food and supplements.

Found in multiple tissues (liver, bones, kidneys, and bile ducts), this enzyme helps break down proteins and is essential for many bodily functions. In liver contexts, elevated ALP often suggests bile duct obstruction.