A protein found on the surface of all atherogenic lipoproteins including LDL.Since each ApoB particle contains one lipoprotein, ApoB levels directly reflect the number of potentially harmful particles in circulation. Elevated levels strongly correlate with increased cardiovascular risk, and often provide a more accurate risk assessment than LDL alone

A quantitative assessment of calcium-containing plaque in coronary arteries, detected by CT scanning. Serves as an indicator of atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular risk independent of traditional risk factors

The overall amount of cholesterol in your bloodstream. High levels can increase risk of heart disease.

Often called "good cholesterol," it helps remove excess cholesterol from your arteries and transports it to the liver for processing, offering protection against atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Known as "bad cholesterol," it can accumulate in arterial walls, forming plaques that narrow blood vessels and increase risk of heart attack and stroke.

A plasma lipoprotein that's largely determined by genetics. Elevated Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease that persists regardless of other lipid levels and lifestyle modifications. It increases risk through promoting blood clots and accelerating plaque formation.

Non-HDL cholesterol represents all potentially atherogenic lipoproteins, calculated by subtracting HDL from total cholesterol. It includes LDL, VLDL, and other cholesterol-carrying particles associated with cardiovascular risk.

Triglycerides are the main form of fat stored in the body and circulating in blood. They serve as an energy source and are derived from calories not immediately used. Elevated levels increase risk of cardiovascular disease

This ratio compares LDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (ApoB), a protein present on atherogenic lipoproteins. It helps distinguish how cholesterol is distributed among particles. A lower ratio suggests many small, dense LDL particles, which are more prone to penetrate artery walls and drive plaque formation.

This ratio compares all atherogenic cholesterol particles to protective HDL cholesterol. It reflects the balance between cholesterol delivery to tissues and cholesterol removal from tissues.

This ratio compares triglycerides to ApoB, indicating how much triglyceride each atherogenic particle carries. A low ratio means many small cholesterol-rich particles. A high ratio means fewer but triglyceride-rich particles.

This ratio evaluates overall cholesterol relative to protective HDL cholesterol. It is a commonly used measure of lipid-related cardiovascular risk.

SCORE2 estimates your 10-year risk of heart attack or stroke based on blood pressure, cholesterol, age, and other factors.

This ratio reflects the conversion efficiency from DGLA to arachidonic acid and the balance between anti- and pro-inflammatory omega-6 metabolites.

ALAT (Alanine Aminotransferase): An enzyme primarily found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged, ALAT leaks into the bloodstream, making it a sensitive indicator of liver injury from various causes.

The most abundant protein in blood plasma, produced by the liver. In kidney contexts, low levels in blood may indicate protein loss through damaged kidneys, while presence of albumin in urine (albuminuria) is an important marker of kidney damage

Found in multiple tissues (liver, bones, kidneys, and bile ducts), this enzyme helps break down proteins and is essential for many bodily functions. In liver contexts, elevated ALP often suggests bile duct obstruction.

An enzyme present in liver, heart, muscle, and other tissues. While less specific to the liver than ALAT, elevated levels often indicate liver damage when other liver markers are also abnorma

A yellow pigment produced when the body breaks down red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin for elimination. Elevated total bilirubin can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or increased red blood cell destruction.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron and releases it when needed. Ferritin levels in the blood reflect the body’s iron storage.

Folic acid, or folate in its natural form, is a water-soluble B vitamin that plays a key role in cell division, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell formation. It is especially important during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy and adolescence. Folate is found in leafy greens, legumes, citrus fruits, and fortified foods. The body cannot produce folate and depends on regular dietary intake.

GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase): An enzyme particularly sensitive to alcohol consumption and certain medications. Elevated GGT can indicate bile duct issues, fatty liver disease, or alcohol-related liver damage

Iron is an essential trace element involved in the production of hemoglobin and the transport of oxygen in the blood. In circulation, most iron is bound to the protein transferrin.

An enzyme produced primarily by the pancreas that helps digest fats. Significantly elevated lipase (often 3-5 times normal) strongly suggests pancreatic inflammation (pancreatitis), while moderate elevations may indicate other pancreatic disorders or kidney disease

Proton Density Fat Fraction measurement of the liver, quantifying hepatic fat content. Elevated values indicate hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), which may progress to more severe liver disease

Total protein measures all proteins in blood plasma, primarily albumin and globulins. It helps evaluate nutritional status, liver function, and immune system health

A magnetic resonance parameter sensitive to iron concentration in tissues. Elevated hepatic R2* values suggest increased iron deposition in the liver (hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis).

Transferrin is a liver-produced protein that transports iron in the blood to various tissues. It binds and carries iron to where it’s needed.

Transferrin saturation is the percentage of transferrin that is bound with iron. It reflects how much of the transport protein is being used.

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin essential for the production of red blood cells, the synthesis of DNA, and the healthy functioning of the nervous system. It also supports brain function and energy metabolism. The body cannot make B12 on its own and relies on dietary sources such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy. Excess B12 is stored in the liver, so deficiency can take time to develop but may lead to serious health issues if not addressed.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts like a hormone in the body. It’s essential for calcium absorption, bone health, immune function, and muscle performance. The body can produce it through sunlight exposure, but it can also be obtained from food and supplements.

Direct bilirubin forms when the liver processes bilirubin so it can be excreted.

Indirect bilirubin results from the breakdown of red blood cells before processing by the liver.

FIB-4 combines age, platelet count, and liver enzymes to estimate the degree of liver fibrosis.

Amylase is an enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates and is produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands.

This ratio compares two liver enzymes to give insight into liver health.

Controls thyroid hormone production, which regulates metabolism and energy. Thyroid dysfunction affects many body systems and can cause fatigue, weight changes, temperature sensitivity, and mood disturbances.

Free T3 is the active thyroid hormone that regulates metabolic activity and energy use in cells.

Free T4 is produced by the thyroid gland and converted to active T3 in body tissues.

Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate metabolism, blood pressure, immune responses, and the body’s reaction to stress. It follows a natural daily rhythm, with levels highest in the morning and lowest at night. Cortisol is often referred to as the body’s main stress hormone because it increases in response to physical or emotional stress.

A hormone produced primarily by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor for testosterone and estrogen. Levels naturally peak in early adulthood and decline with age. Some research suggests maintaining healthy DHEA-S levels may support energy, immune function, and stress resilience, though evidence for supplementation remains mixed.

The primary estrogen during reproductive years, produced mainly by developing ovarian follicles. It regulates the menstrual cycle, supports bone and cardiovascular health, and affects mood and cognition. Levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle (lowest during menstruation, peaking before ovulation) and decline significantly during menopause. Imbalances can cause irregular periods, fertility issues, mood changes, and various physical symptoms

The unbound, biologically active fraction of total testosterone that can interact with cellular receptors. This measurement provides insight into androgenic activity affecting metabolism, body composition, and various physiological functions.

A protein produced primarily by prostate cells, measured to screen for prostate abnormalities including cancer. While elevated levels (typically >4 ng/mL) may indicate prostate cancer, they can also result from benign conditions like prostate enlargement (BPH), inflammation (prostatitis), or recent ejaculation. PSA levels tend to naturally increase with age. In your health assessment, we cross reference PSA with MR images

A glycoprotein that regulates hormone bioavailability by binding to sex hormones in circulation. SHBG levels influence the amount of active hormones available to tissues and can reflect metabolic and endocrine health.

The primary male sex hormone responsible for sexual development, sperm production, muscle mass maintenance, bone density, and overall energy levels. Low levels can cause fatigue, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass, and mood changes. Age-related decline is normal, but significant deficiency may warrant supplementation

FAI estimates the amount of active testosterone in the blood relative to binding proteins.

This ratio evaluates the balance between testosterone and estradiol hormones in the body.

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates egg development in ovaries and sperm production in testes. FSH levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle, surge during ovulation, and rise drastically after menopause when ovaries stop responding.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. In women, it triggers ovulation and supports estrogen and progesterone production, while in men it stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

The LH/FSH ratio compares levels of luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone, both produced by the pituitary gland. While FSH stimulates egg follicle development in the ovaries, LH triggers ovulation and supports progesterone production. The ratio between these hormones provides crucial insights into ovarian function and reproductive health that neither hormone alone can reveal.

Progesterone is a hormone produced after ovulation and during pregnancy. It plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle, preparing the uterus for pregnancy, and supporting early pregnancy. In non-pregnant women, progesterone drops trigger menstruation.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the most abundant blood cells and carry oxygen from lungs to tissues throughout the body via hemoglobin. They have a biconcave disc shape that maximizes surface area for gas exchange

Hematocrit measures the percentage of blood volume occupied by cellular components, with the largest portion being red blood cells (erythrocytes). When blood is centrifuged, blood cells settle at the bottom, creating a visible layer that indicates their proportion relative to total blood volume

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to tissues throughout the body. It also plays a role in transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin measures the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. It helps evaluate the hemoglobin content of cells and is used alongside other RBC indices to classify anemias

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of red blood cells. It helps distinguish between different types of anemia and assess cell hydration status

Mean Corpuscular Volume measures the average size of red blood cells. It helps diagnose different types of anemia - elevated in macrocytic anemia, decreased in microcytic anemia, and normal in normocytic anemia

Red Cell Distribution Width (Coefficient of Variation) measures the variation in red blood cell size. Elevated values indicate greater variation in cell size (anisocytosis) and can help diagnose certain anemias

Red Cell Distribution Width (Standard Deviation) is another measure of red blood cell size variation using standard deviation. It provides similar information to RDW-CV but with a different calculation method.

PLR reflects the relationship between platelets which participate in clotting and inflammation and lymphocytes which support immune balance.

This marker compares platelet count to total white blood cell count and therefore reflects clotting activity in relation to immune system activity.

This ratio compares variation in red blood cell size to average red blood cell volume.

Basophils release histamine during inflammatory and allergic reactions

Basophils release histamine during inflammatory and allergic reactions

Eosinophils combat parasites and participate in allergic responses

Eosinophils combat parasites and participate in allergic responses

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood marker used to detect low levels of inflammation in the body. It is a more precise version of standard CRP testing and is especially useful for assessing cardiovascular risk, as even mild inflammation can contribute to heart disease.

Immature granulocytes are precursor cells that normally develop fully in bone marrow before entering circulation. Their presence in peripheral blood at elevated levels suggests increased demand for white blood cells, often indicating severe infection, inflammation, or bone marrow disorders such as leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes.

Immature granulocytes are precursor cells that normally develop fully in bone marrow before entering circulation. Their presence in peripheral blood at elevated levels suggests increased demand for white blood cells, often indicating severe infection, inflammation, or bone marrow disorders such as leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes.

Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are crucial for immune system function: the total white blood cell count measures overall immune activity, while differential testing examines specific cell types

Lymphocytes (including T cells and B cells) provide targeted immune responses and immunological memory.

Lymphocytes (including T cells and B cells) provide targeted immune responses and immunological memory.

Monocytes develop into macrophages that kill pathogens and dead cells

Monocytes develop into macrophages that kill pathogens and dead cells

Neutrophils (primary bacterial fighters) respond rapidly to acute infections

Neutrophils (primary bacterial fighters) respond rapidly to acute infections

The total volume of the spleen measured by imaging. Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) can indicate infection, inflammation, blood disorders, or portal hypertension.

Platelets (thrombocytes) are blood cell sessential for blood clotting. When vessel damage occurs, they adhere to injury sites and initiate the coagulation cascade to prevent excessive bleeding.

ESR measures the speed at which red blood cells settle in a tube over one hour. It is a broad indicator of inflammation.

NLR reflects the balance between neutrophils which drive early inflammation and lymphocytes which regulate immune control.

SII integrates neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts into a single measure of immune and inflammatory status.

SIRI combines neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes to evaluate immune response and inflammation severity.

This ratio compares a marker of inflammation (CRP) to albumin, a protein reflecting nutritional and liver status.

The proportion of abdominal fat relative to total body fat. This measurement helps assess fat distribution patterns, which can be more clinically relevant than total fat alone. Higher abdominal fat ratios are associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular risks.

Fat stored beneath the skin in the abdominal region. While still contributing to overall adiposity, ASAT is generally considered less metabolically harmful than visceral fat. However, excessive ASAT can still contribute to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, albeit to a lesser degree than VAT.

Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue index is the volume of subcutaneous fat in the abdominal region adjusted for height. Like other fat indices, it's normalized by dividing by height squared to enable better comparison between individuals of different body sizes.

Fasting blood glucose measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours. It's used to screen for and monitor diabetes, with elevated levels indicating impaired glucose metabolism

Glycated hemoglobin according to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standards. It's an alternative measurement system for HbA1c that uses different units (mmol/mol) than NGSP (percentage)

Glycated hemoglobin according to National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program standards. It reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes management.

A normalized measure of all abdominal fat (both visceral and subcutaneous) adjusted for height. It's calculated by dividing total abdominal fat volume by the square of height, allowing for standardized comparison between individuals of different body sizes.

The sum of all adipose tissue in the abdominal region, including both visceral and subcutaneous compartments. This measurement provides an overall assessment of abdominal adiposity.

Visceral Adipose Tissue index is the volume of visceral fat adjusted for height. It normalizes VAT measurements across individuals of different heights, allowing for more accurate risk assessment. Higher VAT index values indicate increased cardiometabolic risk independent of BMI.

The ratio of visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue. This measure helps evaluate fat distribution patterns, with higher ratios indicating relatively more visceral fat, which is associated with greater metabolic risk than subcutaneous fat.

Fat stored around internal organs within the abdominal cavity. VAT is metabolically active and produces inflammatory cytokines and hormones that affect insulin sensitivity and metabolism. Excessive VAT is strongly linked to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers

LDH is an enzyme present in most tissues and released when cells are damaged.

The HOMA index estimates insulin resistance using fasting glucose and insulin values.

Fasting insulin measures baseline insulin levels necessary to maintain normal blood sugar.

The TyG index combines fasting triglycerides and glucose to estimate insulin resistance.

This ratio compares arachidonic acid (pro-inflammatory omega-6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (anti-inflammatory omega-3).

Alpha-linolenic acid is a plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid found in flaxseed, chia, and walnuts. It serves as a metabolic precursor for longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA.

DGLA is a key omega-6 fatty acid formed from GLA. It produces anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and acts as a metabolic balance point between GLA and arachidonic acid.

DDA is a long-chain omega-6 fatty acid found in small amounts in the blood. It is part of your overall omega-6 balance.

DHA is a structural omega-3 fatty acid essential for brain, eye, and nerve function. It is abundant in neuronal membranes and supports cell signaling.

DPA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid formed as an intermediate between EPA and DHA. It contributes to anti-inflammatory and endothelial-protective effects.

Eicosadienoic acid is a less common omega-6 fatty acid derived from linoleic acid metabolism.

EPA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid mainly found in fatty fish. It helps regulate inflammation and supports heart and blood vessel health.

Eicosatrienoic acid is an intermediate omega-3 fatty acid formed during the conversion of ALA to EPA. It contributes to anti-inflammatory lipid signaling pathways.

GLA is an omega-6 fatty acid found in certain plant oils such as evening primrose and borage. It helps maintain a healthy inflammatory balance.

Linoleic acid is the primary dietary omega-6 fatty acid found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. It is a precursor for arachidonic acid and other signaling lipids.

This ratio compares total omega-6 to total omega-3 fatty acids, reflecting the overall balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators.

This sum represents all major omega-3 fatty acids (ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA) in the blood.

This sum measures total omega-6 fatty acids including linoleic acid, GLA, DGLA, and arachidonic acid.

AA is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that serves as a precursor to numerous pro-inflammatory and vasoactive mediators.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is essential for energy production, metabolism of fats and amino acids, and maintenance of healthy skin and eyes.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin) supports brain function, nervous system health, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters and red blood cells.

Intramuscular fat percentage in the right/left erector spinae, a group of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. Increased IMF is associated with muscle quality deterioration and potential functional decline.

Intramuscular fat percentage in the right/left erector spinae, a group of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. Increased IMF is associated with muscle quality deterioration and potential functional decline.

Volume measurement of the right/left erector spinae muscle group. Reduced volume may indicate disuse, aging effects, or pathological conditions affecting back musculature.

Volume measurement of the right/left erector spinae muscle group. Reduced volume may indicate disuse, aging effects, or pathological conditions affecting back musculature.

Intramuscular fat content in the right/left multifidus muscle, a deep back muscle important for spinal stability. Higher IMF values indicate fatty infiltration which may correlate with reduced muscle function and back pain.

Intramuscular fat content in the right/left multifidus muscle, a deep back muscle important for spinal stability. Higher IMF values indicate fatty infiltration which may correlate with reduced muscle function and back pain.

The size measurement of the right/left multifidus muscle. Volume assessment helps evaluate muscle atrophy or hypertrophy and can indicate spinal health statu

The size measurement of the right/left multifidus muscle. Volume assessment helps evaluate muscle atrophy or hypertrophy and can indicate spinal health statu

Fat infiltration measurement in the right/left psoas major muscle, which connects the lumbar spine to the femur and is essential for hip flexion. Higher IMF values typically indicate poorer muscle quality.

Fat infiltration measurement in the right/left psoas major muscle, which connects the lumbar spine to the femur and is essential for hip flexion. Higher IMF values typically indicate poorer muscle quality.

Size measurement of the right/left psoas major muscle. This core muscle's volume correlates with overall physical function and can serve as a biomarker for frailty or fitness.

Size measurement of the right/left psoas major muscle. This core muscle's volume correlates with overall physical function and can serve as a biomarker for frailty or fitness.

The ratio of total brain volume to total intracranial volume. This value typically decreases with age as brain atrophy progresses. Accelerated decline in this ratio beyond age-expected norms may suggest pathological brain volume loss.

The absolute total volume of brain tissue, including gray and white matter, excluding cerebrospinal fluid. Decreased volume may indicate atrophy related to aging or neurological disorders.

Normalized volume of the caudate nucleus relative to total intracranial volume, allowing for meaningful comparisons between individuals with different head sizes. This proportional measurement helps identify caudate-specific changes that may indicate neurodegenerative disorders affecting executive function and movement control.

The absolute volume of the caudate nucleus, a structure involved in motor control, learning, memory, and emotion. Volume changes may indicate neurodegenerative disorders.

Normalized cortical gray matter volume relative to total intracranial volume, allowing for standardized assessment of cortical tissue across individuals with different head sizes.

The absolute volume of the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of neural tissue responsible for higher cognitive functions including perception, thought, memory, attention, and consciousness

The volume of the left frontal lobe, which is involved in executive functions, attention, working memory, and personality. Volume changes may correlate with cognitive status.

The volume of the right frontal lobe, which is involved in executive functions, attention, working memory, and personality. Volume changes may correlate with cognitive status.

Normalized volume of the left frontal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This proportional measurement allows comparison between individuals with different head sizes and helps assess selective frontal atrophy that might affect executive function, personality, and motor control on the right side of the body.

Normalized volume of the right frontal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement enables detection of asymmetric frontal lobe changes that may affect behavior regulation, decision-making, and motor function on the left side of the body.

Represents the percentage or ratio of gray matter volume to total intracranial volume. This metric helps identify disproportionate gray matter loss that exceeds normal aging or is inconsistent with head size, potentially indicating neurodegenerative processes

The absolute volume of gray matter in the brain, which contains neuronal cell bodies. Reductions may indicate neurodegenerative processes or other brain pathologies.

The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation. Atrophy of the hippocampus is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and can also occur in other forms of dementia.

It is associated with memory loss and disorientation.

The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation. Atrophy of the hippocampus is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and can also occur in other forms of dementia.

It is associated with memory loss and disorientation.

The volume of the left occipital lobe, primarily responsible for visual processing. Reductions may affect visual perception and recognition.

The volume of the right occipital lobe, primarily responsible for visual processing. Reductions may affect visual perception and recognition.

Normalized volume of the left occipital lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This proportional measurement allows for standardized assessment of left occipital structure across individuals with different head sizes, helping detect selective atrophy that might affect specific visual processing functions.

Normalized volume of the right occipital lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement enables more accurate detection of right occipital-specific changes independent of head size, which may affect visual perception, spatial orientation, and certain types of visual memory.

Normalized volume of the globus pallidus relative to total intracranial volume, providing a proportional measurement that accounts for differences in head size and allows for standardized comparison. This helps detect specific pallidal atrophy that could indicate movement disorders or other basal ganglia pathologies.

The absolute volume of the globus pallidus, a structure involved in regulating voluntary movement. Reduced volume can be associated with movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and dystonia.

The volume of the left parietal lobe, which processes sensory information about the surrounding environment, spatial orientation, navigation, and some language functions.

The volume of the right parietal lobe, which processes sensory information about the surrounding environment, spatial orientation, navigation, and some language functions.

Normalized volume of the left parietal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This proportional measurement helps identify selective left parietal atrophy that might affect language processing, calculation abilities, and right-sided sensory integration.

Normalized volume of the right parietal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement enables detection of right parietal-specific changes that may affect spatial attention, body awareness, and left-sided sensory integration independent of head size.

Normalized putamen volume as a proportion of total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement allows for more accurate detection of basal ganglia-specific changes independent of head size differences, which is important when evaluating movement disorders and certain neurodegenerative conditions

The putamen is involved in regulating movements and various types of learning. Volume loss in the putamen is associated with movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. 

Normalized thalamic volume relative to total intracranial volume, allowing for standardized assessment across individuals with different head sizes. This proportional measurement helps identify selective thalamic atrophy that might indicate specific neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis and certain dementias.

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Thalamic atrophy can be seen in multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and certain types of dementia. It can affect sensory processing and the relay of motor signals, contributing to various neurological symptoms.

The combined volume of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges within the cranium. Serves as a reference for normalizing other brain volume measurements.

Accounts for calcium bound to albumin, providing a more accurate measure of biologically active calcium. Essential for bone health, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction.

Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Most calcium is stored in bones, with only a small portion circulating in blood under tight regulation.

Creatinine is a waste product from muscle metabolism that's filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Serum levels remain relatively constant with normal kidney function, making it a reliable marker for kidney filtration capacity. Elevated levels suggest reduced kidney function.

eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate): Calculated using the CKD-EPI formula based on creatinine level, age, sex, and ethnic background. It estimates how much blood your kidneys filter per minute, with normal values typically above 90 ml/min/1.73m². Values below 60 ml/min/1.73m² indicate moderate kidney impairment, while values below 30 ml/min/1.73m² signifies severe impairment.

Magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including energy production, protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation.

Phosphate is crucial for bone mineralization, energy metabolism (ATP), cell membrane structure, and acid-base balance. Its levels are regulated in relation to calcium, primarily by the kidneys and parathyroid hormone.

Potassium is a crucial electrolyte for heart, nerve, and muscle function. It maintains proper cell electrical potential and helps regulate blood pressure. Imbalances can cause dangerous heart rhythm disturbances.

Sodium is the primary electrolyte in blood that regulates fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. Imbalances can cause neurological symptoms, fluid retention, or dehydration.

A waste product from protein metabolism filtered by the kidneys. Elevated levels can indicate reduced kidney function, but are also influenced by protein intake, dehydration, and certain medications.

A waste product from the breakdown of purines (found in certain foods and normal cell turnover). Elevated levels can lead to gout (painful joint inflammation) and kidney stones. Persistently high levels may indicate metabolic disorders or reduced kidney clearance.

Phosphate is crucial for bone mineralization, energy metabolism (ATP), cell membrane structure, and acid-base balance. Its levels are regulated in relation to calcium, primarily by the kidneys and parathyroid hormone.