The ratio of total brain volume to total intracranial volume. This value typically decreases with age as brain atrophy progresses. Accelerated decline in this ratio beyond age-expected norms may suggest pathological brain volume loss.

The absolute total volume of brain tissue, including gray and white matter, excluding cerebrospinal fluid. Decreased volume may indicate atrophy related to aging or neurological disorders.

Normalized volume of the caudate nucleus relative to total intracranial volume, allowing for meaningful comparisons between individuals with different head sizes. This proportional measurement helps identify caudate-specific changes that may indicate neurodegenerative disorders affecting executive function and movement control.

The absolute volume of the caudate nucleus, a structure involved in motor control, learning, memory, and emotion. Volume changes may indicate neurodegenerative disorders.

Normalized cortical gray matter volume relative to total intracranial volume, allowing for standardized assessment of cortical tissue across individuals with different head sizes.

The absolute volume of the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of neural tissue responsible for higher cognitive functions including perception, thought, memory, attention, and consciousness

The volume of the left frontal lobe, which is involved in executive functions, attention, working memory, and personality. Volume changes may correlate with cognitive status.

The volume of the right frontal lobe, which is involved in executive functions, attention, working memory, and personality. Volume changes may correlate with cognitive status.

Normalized volume of the left frontal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This proportional measurement allows comparison between individuals with different head sizes and helps assess selective frontal atrophy that might affect executive function, personality, and motor control on the right side of the body.

Normalized volume of the right frontal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement enables detection of asymmetric frontal lobe changes that may affect behavior regulation, decision-making, and motor function on the left side of the body.

Represents the percentage or ratio of gray matter volume to total intracranial volume. This metric helps identify disproportionate gray matter loss that exceeds normal aging or is inconsistent with head size, potentially indicating neurodegenerative processes

The absolute volume of gray matter in the brain, which contains neuronal cell bodies. Reductions may indicate neurodegenerative processes or other brain pathologies.

The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation. Atrophy of the hippocampus is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and can also occur in other forms of dementia.

It is associated with memory loss and disorientation.

The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation. Atrophy of the hippocampus is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and can also occur in other forms of dementia.

It is associated with memory loss and disorientation.

The volume of the left occipital lobe, primarily responsible for visual processing. Reductions may affect visual perception and recognition.

The volume of the right occipital lobe, primarily responsible for visual processing. Reductions may affect visual perception and recognition.

Normalized volume of the left occipital lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This proportional measurement allows for standardized assessment of left occipital structure across individuals with different head sizes, helping detect selective atrophy that might affect specific visual processing functions.

Normalized volume of the right occipital lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement enables more accurate detection of right occipital-specific changes independent of head size, which may affect visual perception, spatial orientation, and certain types of visual memory.

Normalized volume of the globus pallidus relative to total intracranial volume, providing a proportional measurement that accounts for differences in head size and allows for standardized comparison. This helps detect specific pallidal atrophy that could indicate movement disorders or other basal ganglia pathologies.

The absolute volume of the globus pallidus, a structure involved in regulating voluntary movement. Reduced volume can be associated with movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and dystonia.

The volume of the left parietal lobe, which processes sensory information about the surrounding environment, spatial orientation, navigation, and some language functions.

The volume of the right parietal lobe, which processes sensory information about the surrounding environment, spatial orientation, navigation, and some language functions.

Normalized volume of the left parietal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This proportional measurement helps identify selective left parietal atrophy that might affect language processing, calculation abilities, and right-sided sensory integration.

Normalized volume of the right parietal lobe relative to total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement enables detection of right parietal-specific changes that may affect spatial attention, body awareness, and left-sided sensory integration independent of head size.

Normalized putamen volume as a proportion of total intracranial volume. This standardized measurement allows for more accurate detection of basal ganglia-specific changes independent of head size differences, which is important when evaluating movement disorders and certain neurodegenerative conditions

The putamen is involved in regulating movements and various types of learning. Volume loss in the putamen is associated with movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. 

Normalized thalamic volume relative to total intracranial volume, allowing for standardized assessment across individuals with different head sizes. This proportional measurement helps identify selective thalamic atrophy that might indicate specific neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis and certain dementias.

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Thalamic atrophy can be seen in multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and certain types of dementia. It can affect sensory processing and the relay of motor signals, contributing to various neurological symptoms.

The combined volume of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges within the cranium. Serves as a reference for normalizing other brain volume measurements.