Inflammation of the liver (hepatitis)

The absolute count of lymphocytes per liter of blood. Lymphocytes include T cells and B cells — the cornerstone of adaptive immunity — as well as natural killer (NK) cells, which provide innate immune defense. The absolute count is critical for assessing immune competence, as a normal percentage can hide true lymphopenia when total white blood cells are low.

Globulin is a group of proteins in the blood that includes immunoglobulins (antibodies), transport proteins, and complement proteins. It is calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein. The albumin-to-globulin ratio helps assess liver function, kidney health, immune system activity, and nutritional status.

The absolute count of neutrophils per liter of blood. While neutrophil percentage shows the proportion among white blood cells, the absolute count reveals the actual number available to fight infections. This is clinically essential, because a normal percentage can mask a dangerously low absolute count if total white blood cells are reduced.

The absolute count of monocytes per liter of blood. Monocytes are white blood cells that migrate into tissues and become macrophages, where they engulf pathogens, dead cells, and debris. The absolute count is important because it reflects the actual capacity for tissue repair and immune surveillance independent of other white blood cell changes.

LDH is an enzyme present in most tissues and released when cells are damaged.

ESR measures the speed at which red blood cells settle in a tube over one hour. It is a broad indicator of inflammation.

Platelets (thrombocytes) are blood cells essential for blood clotting. When vessel damage occurs, they adhere to injury sites and initiate the coagulation cascade to prevent excessive bleeding.

Neutrophils (primary bacterial fighters) respond rapidly to acute infections.

Monocytes develop into macrophages that kill pathogens and dead cells.

Lymphocytes (including T cells and B cells) provide targeted immune responses and immunological memory.

Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are crucial for immune system function: the total white blood cell count measures overall immune activity, while differential testing examines specific cell types.

This ratio compares two liver enzymes to give insight into liver health.

FIB-4 combines age, platelet count, and liver enzymes to estimate the degree of liver fibrosis.

Indirect bilirubin results from the breakdown of red blood cells before processing by the liver.

Direct bilirubin forms when the liver processes bilirubin so it can be excreted.

Total protein measures all proteins in blood plasma, primarily albumin and globulins. It helps evaluate nutritional status, liver function, and immune system health.

Iron is an essential trace element involved in the production of hemoglobin and the transport of oxygen in the blood. In circulation, most iron is bound to the protein transferrin.

GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase): An enzyme particularly sensitive to alcohol consumption and certain medications. Elevated GGT can indicate bile duct issues, fatty liver disease, or alcohol-related liver damage.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron and releases it when needed. Ferritin levels in the blood reflect the body's iron storage.

A yellow pigment produced when the body breaks down red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin for elimination. Elevated total bilirubin can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or increased red blood cell destruction.

An enzyme present in liver, heart, muscle, and other tissues. While less specific to the liver than ALAT, elevated levels often indicate liver damage when other liver markers are also abnormal.

Found in multiple tissues (liver, bones, kidneys, and bile ducts), this enzyme helps break down proteins and is essential for many bodily functions. In liver contexts, elevated ALP often suggests bile duct obstruction.

The most abundant protein in blood plasma, produced by the liver. In kidney contexts, low levels in blood may indicate protein loss through damaged kidneys, while presence of albumin in urine (albuminuria) is an important marker of kidney damage.

ALAT (Alanine Aminotransferase): An enzyme primarily found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged, ALAT leaks into the bloodstream, making it a sensitive indicator of liver injury from various causes.