Insulin resistance (non-diabetic)

The TyG index combines fasting triglycerides and glucose to estimate insulin resistance.

Fasting insulin measures baseline insulin levels necessary to maintain normal blood sugar.

The HOMA index estimates insulin resistance using fasting glucose and insulin values.

Fat stored around internal organs within the abdominal cavity. VAT is metabolically active and produces inflammatory cytokines and hormones that affect insulin sensitivity and metabolism. Excessive VAT is strongly linked to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers.

The ratio of visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue. This measure helps evaluate fat distribution patterns, with higher ratios indicating relatively more visceral fat, which is associated with greater metabolic risk than subcutaneous fat.

The sum of all adipose tissue in the abdominal region, including both visceral and subcutaneous compartments. This measurement provides an overall assessment of abdominal adiposity.

A normalized measure of all abdominal fat (both visceral and subcutaneous) adjusted for height. It's calculated by dividing total abdominal fat volume by the square of height, allowing for standardized comparison between individuals of different body sizes.

Fasting blood glucose measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours. It's used to screen for and monitor diabetes, with elevated levels indicating impaired glucose metabolism.

Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue index is the volume of subcutaneous fat in the abdominal region adjusted for height. Like other fat indices, it's normalized by dividing by height squared to enable better comparison between individuals of different body sizes.

Fat stored beneath the skin in the abdominal region. While still contributing to overall adiposity, ASAT is generally considered less metabolically harmful than visceral fat. However, excessive ASAT can still contribute to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, albeit to a lesser degree than VAT.

The proportion of abdominal fat relative to total body fat. This measurement helps assess fat distribution patterns, which can be more clinically relevant than total fat alone. Higher abdominal fat ratios are associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular risks.

FAI estimates the amount of active testosterone in the blood relative to binding proteins.

The primary male sex hormone responsible for sexual development, sperm production, muscle mass maintenance, bone density, and overall energy levels. Low levels can cause fatigue, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass, and mood changes. Age-related decline is normal, but significant deficiency may warrant supplementation.

A glycoprotein that regulates hormone bioavailability by binding to sex hormones in circulation. SHBG levels influence the amount of active hormones available to tissues and can reflect metabolic and endocrine health.

The unbound, biologically active fraction of total testosterone that can interact with cellular receptors. This measurement provides insight into androgenic activity affecting metabolism, body composition, and various physiological functions. In this panel it is a calculated value: rather than being measured directly, it is derived from total testosterone, SHBG and albumin using the Vermeulen equation (the laboratory reference method is equilibrium dialysis). Because the calculation corrects for SHBG, free testosterone is the guideline-preferred measure of androgen status when SHBG is abnormal or total testosterone sits near the lower limit of normal, and it is more sensitive than total testosterone for detecting male hypogonadism and female androgen excess such as PCOS.

Proton Density Fat Fraction measurement of the liver, quantifying hepatic fat content. Elevated values indicate hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), which may progress to more severe liver disease.

This ratio evaluates overall cholesterol relative to protective HDL cholesterol. It is a commonly used measure of lipid-related cardiovascular risk.

This ratio compares LDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (ApoB), a protein present on atherogenic lipoproteins. It helps distinguish how cholesterol is distributed among particles. A lower ratio suggests many small, dense LDL particles, which are more prone to penetrate artery walls and drive plaque formation.

Triglycerides are the main form of fat stored in the body and circulating in blood. They serve as an energy source and are derived from calories not immediately used. Elevated levels increase risk of cardiovascular disease.

Non-HDL cholesterol represents all potentially atherogenic lipoproteins, calculated by subtracting HDL from total cholesterol. It includes LDL, VLDL, and other cholesterol-carrying particles associated with cardiovascular risk.

Often called "good cholesterol," it helps remove excess cholesterol from your arteries and transports it to the liver for processing, offering protection against atherosclerosis and heart disease.

A protein found on the surface of all atherogenic lipoproteins including LDL. Since each ApoB particle contains one lipoprotein, ApoB levels directly reflect the number of potentially harmful particles in circulation. Elevated levels strongly correlate with increased cardiovascular risk, and often provide a more accurate risk assessment than LDL alone.

The cholesterol contained in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles and their remnants. leftover particles from fat digestion and transport. These include VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) particles produced by your liver and gut. It's calculated by subtracting your HDL ("good") cholesterol and LDL ("bad") cholesterol from your total cholesterol.

A logarithmic ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol [log₁₀(TG/HDL-C)] that reflects the balance between atherogenic and protective lipoproteins. The logarithmic transformation converts the TG/HDL ratio into a scale that correlates directly with LDL particle size and the proportion of small, dense LDL particles. AIP integrates information about all lipoprotein fractions into a single value that indicates overall atherogenic potential.