Signs of coronary artery disease

The Omega-3 Index measures the percentage of EPA and DHA (the two most important omega-3 fatty acids) in red blood cell membranes. It reflects your long-term omega-3 status over the past 3–4 months and is considered one of the most reliable markers of cardiovascular risk related to fatty acid balance. An index above 8% is associated with the lowest cardiovascular risk.

The ratio of free triiodothyronine (fT3) to free thyroxine (fT4) reflects how efficiently your body converts the storage thyroid hormone (T4) into the active form (T3). A low ratio may indicate impaired conversion, which can occur with stress, illness, selenium deficiency, or certain medications — even when individual thyroid values appear normal.

Creatinine is a waste product from muscle metabolism that's filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Serum levels remain relatively constant with normal kidney function, making it a reliable marker for kidney filtration capacity. Elevated levels suggest reduced kidney function.

This sum represents all major omega-3 fatty acids (ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA) in the blood.

DPA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid formed as an intermediate between EPA and DHA. It contributes to anti-inflammatory and endothelial-protective effects.

DHA is a structural omega-3 fatty acid essential for brain, eye, and nerve function. It is abundant in neuronal membranes and supports cell signaling.

The TyG index combines fasting triglycerides and glucose to estimate insulin resistance.

The proportion of abdominal fat relative to total body fat. This measurement helps assess fat distribution patterns, which can be more clinically relevant than total fat alone. Higher abdominal fat ratios are associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular risks.

SIRI combines neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes to evaluate immune response and inflammation severity.

SII integrates neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts into a single measure of immune and inflammatory status.

NLR reflects the balance between neutrophils which drive early inflammation and lymphocytes which regulate immune control.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood marker used to detect low levels of inflammation in the body. It is a more precise version of standard CRP testing and is especially useful for assessing cardiovascular risk, as even mild inflammation can contribute to heart disease.

SCORE2 estimates your 10-year risk of heart attack or stroke based on blood pressure, cholesterol, age, and other factors.

This ratio evaluates overall cholesterol relative to protective HDL cholesterol. It is a commonly used measure of lipid-related cardiovascular risk.

Non-HDL cholesterol represents all potentially atherogenic lipoproteins, calculated by subtracting HDL from total cholesterol. It includes LDL, VLDL, and other cholesterol-carrying particles associated with cardiovascular risk.

Known as "bad cholesterol," it can accumulate in arterial walls, forming plaques that narrow blood vessels and increase risk of heart attack and stroke.

Often called "good cholesterol," it helps remove excess cholesterol from your arteries and transports it to the liver for processing, offering protection against atherosclerosis and heart disease.

The overall amount of cholesterol in your bloodstream. High levels can increase risk of heart disease.

A quantitative assessment of calcium-containing plaque in coronary arteries, detected by CT scanning. Serves as an indicator of atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular risk independent of traditional risk factors.

A protein found on the surface of all atherogenic lipoproteins including LDL. Since each ApoB particle contains one lipoprotein, ApoB levels directly reflect the number of potentially harmful particles in circulation. Elevated levels strongly correlate with increased cardiovascular risk, and often provide a more accurate risk assessment than LDL alone.

The cholesterol contained in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles and their remnants. leftover particles from fat digestion and transport. These include VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) particles produced by your liver and gut. It's calculated by subtracting your HDL ("good") cholesterol and LDL ("bad") cholesterol from your total cholesterol.

A logarithmic ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol [log₁₀(TG/HDL-C)] that reflects the balance between atherogenic and protective lipoproteins. The logarithmic transformation converts the TG/HDL ratio into a scale that correlates directly with LDL particle size and the proportion of small, dense LDL particles. AIP integrates information about all lipoprotein fractions into a single value that indicates overall atherogenic potential.

A calculated ratio comparing "bad" cholesterol (LDL) to "good" cholesterol (HDL). providing a single metric that reflects the balance between cholesterol delivery to tissues and cholesterol removal from arterial walls. This ratio integrates both atherogenic and protective lipid factors into one value that indicates net cardiovascular risk.