Diabetes mellitus

HbA1c (NGSP) expresses glycated hemoglobin as a percentage, reflecting average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months. It is the same measurement as HbA1c (IFCC) but reported in the older NGSP/DCCT unit system (%). An HbA1c of 5.7–6.4% indicates prediabetes; 6.5% or above suggests diabetes.

Sodium is the primary electrolyte in blood that regulates fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. Imbalances can cause neurological symptoms, fluid retention, or dehydration.

Potassium is a crucial electrolyte for heart, nerve, and muscle function. It maintains proper cell electrical potential and helps regulate blood pressure. Imbalances can cause dangerous heart rhythm disturbances.

eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate): Calculated using the CKD-EPI formula based on creatinine level, age, sex, and ethnic background. It estimates how much blood your kidneys filter per minute, with normal values typically above 90 ml/min/1.73m². Values below 60 ml/min/1.73m² indicate moderate kidney impairment, while values below 30 ml/min/1.73m² signifies severe impairment.

Creatinine is a waste product from muscle metabolism that's filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Serum levels remain relatively constant with normal kidney function, making it a reliable marker for kidney filtration capacity. Elevated levels suggest reduced kidney function.

This ratio compares total omega-6 to total omega-3 fatty acids, reflecting the overall balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators.

The TyG index combines fasting triglycerides and glucose to estimate insulin resistance.

Fasting insulin measures baseline insulin levels necessary to maintain normal blood sugar.

The HOMA index estimates insulin resistance using fasting glucose and insulin values.

Fat stored around internal organs within the abdominal cavity. VAT is metabolically active and produces inflammatory cytokines and hormones that affect insulin sensitivity and metabolism. Excessive VAT is strongly linked to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers.

The sum of all adipose tissue in the abdominal region, including both visceral and subcutaneous compartments. This measurement provides an overall assessment of abdominal adiposity.

A normalized measure of all abdominal fat (both visceral and subcutaneous) adjusted for height. It's calculated by dividing total abdominal fat volume by the square of height, allowing for standardized comparison between individuals of different body sizes.

Glycated hemoglobin according to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standards. It's an alternative measurement system for HbA1c that uses different units (mmol/mol) than NGSP (percentage).

Fasting blood glucose measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours. It's used to screen for and monitor diabetes, with elevated levels indicating impaired glucose metabolism.

The proportion of abdominal fat relative to total body fat. This measurement helps assess fat distribution patterns, which can be more clinically relevant than total fat alone. Higher abdominal fat ratios are associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular risks.

Proton Density Fat Fraction measurement of the liver, quantifying hepatic fat content. Elevated values indicate hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), which may progress to more severe liver disease.

SCORE2 estimates your 10-year risk of heart attack or stroke based on blood pressure, cholesterol, age, and other factors.

This ratio evaluates overall cholesterol relative to protective HDL cholesterol. It is a commonly used measure of lipid-related cardiovascular risk.

Triglycerides are the main form of fat stored in the body and circulating in blood. They serve as an energy source and are derived from calories not immediately used. Elevated levels increase risk of cardiovascular disease.

Non-HDL cholesterol represents all potentially atherogenic lipoproteins, calculated by subtracting HDL from total cholesterol. It includes LDL, VLDL, and other cholesterol-carrying particles associated with cardiovascular risk.

Known as "bad cholesterol," it can accumulate in arterial walls, forming plaques that narrow blood vessels and increase risk of heart attack and stroke.

Often called "good cholesterol," it helps remove excess cholesterol from your arteries and transports it to the liver for processing, offering protection against atherosclerosis and heart disease.

The overall amount of cholesterol in your bloodstream. High levels can increase risk of heart disease.

A quantitative assessment of calcium-containing plaque in coronary arteries, detected by CT scanning. Serves as an indicator of atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular risk independent of traditional risk factors.