A hormone produced primarily by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor for testosterone and estrogen. Levels naturally peak in early adulthood and decline with age. Some research suggests maintaining healthy DHEA-S levels may support energy, immune function, and stress resilience, though evidence for supplementation remains mixed.

The primary estrogen during reproductive years, produced mainly by developing ovarian follicles. It regulates the menstrual cycle, supports bone and cardiovascular health, and affects mood and cognition. Levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle (lowest during menstruation, peaking before ovulation) and decline significantly during menopause. Imbalances can cause irregular periods, fertility issues, mood changes, and various physical symptoms

A glycoprotein that regulates hormone bioavailability by binding to sex hormones in circulation. SHBG levels influence the amount of active hormones available to tissues and can reflect metabolic and endocrine health.

The primary male sex hormone responsible for sexual development, sperm production, muscle mass maintenance, bone density, and overall energy levels. Low levels can cause fatigue, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass, and mood changes. Age-related decline is normal, but significant deficiency may warrant supplementation

FAI estimates the amount of active testosterone in the blood relative to binding proteins.

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates egg development in ovaries and sperm production in testes. FSH levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle, surge during ovulation, and rise drastically after menopause when ovaries stop responding.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. In women, it triggers ovulation and supports estrogen and progesterone production, while in men it stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

The LH/FSH ratio compares levels of luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone, both produced by the pituitary gland. While FSH stimulates egg follicle development in the ovaries, LH triggers ovulation and supports progesterone production. The ratio between these hormones provides crucial insights into ovarian function and reproductive health that neither hormone alone can reveal.

Progesterone is a hormone produced after ovulation and during pregnancy. It plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle, preparing the uterus for pregnancy, and supporting early pregnancy. In non-pregnant women, progesterone drops trigger menstruation.